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Historical papers of the Society of the 
Sons of the American Revolution in 
the District of Columbia, No. J, 1898 



^^ 



The Navy in the War of 
the American Revolution 



^^ 



BY REAR ADMIRAL 
JAMES A. GREER, U. S. N. 



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THE NAVY IN THE WAR OF THE 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



THE NAVY IN THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN 
REVOLUTION/ 

BY RICAR ADMIRAL JAMES A. GREER, U. S. N. 

Gathered as we are here this evening to do honor to our 
ancestors of the War of the American Revolution, I will con- 
fine myself to calling attention briefly to a few facts bearing 
upon the naval history of that struggle, which I have com- 
piled from various sources. These facts, with one or two ex- 
ceptions, are given to a great extent from a dry statistical 
rather than a narrative standpoint, and will be, probably of 
more interest to the student than to the general reader 

As soon as the War of the Revolution was fairly entered 
upon, the subject of a navy engaged the attention of public 
men, and this was very natural, as the majority of the colonists 
were descendants of those who owed allegiance to the "Mis- 
tress of the Seas." 

In October, 1776, the Americans (I here use for the first 
time this distinctive title), had thirteen vessels in course of 
construction, and ten comparatively large, with several smaller 
ones in actual service. Early in 1781 all of these, having done 
more or less good service, had been removed from the list by 
various causes, mostly disasters. 

About this time Congress ordered to be built three 74's 
five frigates and two smaller vessels. I can find no record of 
the larger vessels referred to, excepting the America, seventy- 
four guns, a new ship, which was presented to Louis XVI of 
France in 1782. ' 

^ Private armed vessels, mostly small ones, were fitted out 
oy the Colonies and accomplished, for the opportunities af- 
forded, effective service. 

The vessels of all classes numbered about sixteen hundred; 
of these there were many of the same name. To show the 
style of nomencla ture popular in those days it is interesting 

RevoEu.''^'^ ^^^°'^ '^^ ^*'*"*=* °^ Columbia Society of the Sons of the American 



4 NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

lo note that there were eleven Active's, eleven Adventurer^ s. 
seventeen Hope's, fifteen Revenge's, twenty-one Ranger's and 
seventeen Fox's. The women were not forgotten, as there 
were seventeen Betsey's, twelve Mary's, ten Polly's, twelve 
Fatty's and twelve Sally's; and, by the way, it occurs to me 
as somewhat strange that not one of our large modern vessels 
has been called America. I can find no record of one of that 
name save the "74," presented to France in 1782. 

For a largely improvised sea force under adverse surround- 
ings, it is surprising to note the ground covered. It operated 
offensively and made captures on our coast, principally from 
Cape Hatteras, northerly, in the West Indies, the Atlantic 
Ocean, Bay of Biscay, English Channel, and coasts of Scot- 
land, Holland, France, and Spain. 

I will now call attention to the man, John Paul Jones, who 
of all the naval commanders in the War of the Revolution 
stands preeminent, and in whose memory initiatory steps have 
been taken for a monument, to be erected in Washington at 
a point to be determined later. It has been suggested that the 
southwest corner of Lafayette Square would be appropriate, as 
it would then be complement to the Lafayette group on the 
southeast corner. 

It is claimed that the first ensign shown by a regular Ameri- 
can man-of-war was displayed on board the Alfred, Commo- 
dore Hopkins, it being hoisted by Lieutenant Jones, off Phila- 
delphia, in December, 1775. It was a device representing a 
pine tree with a rattlesnake coiled at its base and about to 
strike, with the motto, "Don't tread on me." 

It may be of some interest to recall that on January 2, 1776, 
Washington raised at Cambridge the "great Union flag," which 
consisted of the thirteen alternate red and white stripes of the 
present flag of the United States, with the crosses of St. George 
and St. Andrew emblazoned on the blue canton or field in place 
of the stars. 

In July, 1776, the colors worn by the U. S. S. Reprisal, which 
carried Dr. Franklin to France and was the first United States 
vessel of war that appeared in Europe after the Declaration of 
Independence, are described as thirteen stripes in a white and 
yellow field. 



NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 5 

The present National colors (with the addition in later years 
of a star for each new State), were adopted by Congress on 
June 14, 1777. 

The little fleet of Commodore Hopkins, flagship Alfred, sail- 
ed from Philadelphia early in February, 1776, on a cruise along 
the coast, but not finding any of the enemy's vessels it was de- 
cided to attack the town of New Providence, Bermuda, where 
the British were supposed to have a large amount of stores and 
ammunition. 

About March 10, the Americans bombarded the town, and 
then landed a body of troops under the protection of the guns 
of the squadron and carried the port by storm. After remain- 
ing in possession of the town several days, they withdrew on 
March 17. They carried away a great quantity of supplies, in- 
cluding one hundred cannon, fifteen barrels of gunpowder and 
a large amount of general ammunition. 

They also took as hostages Governor Brown and other 
prominent citizens, who were afterwards exchanged for Ameri- 
can prisoners. 

The first naval engagement occurred off the Bermudas April 
6, 1776, between the Alfred and the Cabot on the American side 
and the British ship Glasgow of twenty guns. It was not a 
success, the enemy escaping. 

In May, 1776, Jones was given command of the Providence, 
twelve guns. He made sixteen prizes in about six weeks. 
He was appointed to the Ranger, eighteen guns, June 14, 1777 
(Flag Day), and hoisted with his own hands, as soon as one 
could be procured, the new and (destined to become) perma- 
nent flag of the Union. This was the first occasion on which 
"Old Glory" was spread to the breeze on an American naval 
ship. This flag was saluted by the French admiral at Quiberon 
Bay, which was the first salute that the Stars and Stripes re- 
ceived from a foreign power. 

Jones made many prizes and broke up the fishery at Cape 
Breton. In November, 1777, he sailed to Europe, harassed the 
coasting trade of Scotland, and made a bold descent upon 
Whitehaven, taking two forts with thirty guns, which, of course, 
he could not retain, however, setting fire to the shipping in the 



6 NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

port. On April 24, 1778, he captured the Drake, a sloop of war, 
which, with two hundred prisoners, he took into Brest. 

I will now, asking your indulgence for the time taken, and 
quoting freely from those most excellent works, Cooper's "Na- 
val History" and Spear's "History of Our Navy," refer to the 
one sea fight of the American struggle for liberty that is of un- 
failing interest, namely, that in which John Paul Jones in the 
Donhomme Richard whipped the British frigate Scrapis. The 
reason for this interest is found in the fact that it was the man 
who won and not the ship or the crew. It was won in spite 
of obstacles such as no other man has ever been obliged to face 
at sea. It was a victory that was literally dragged out of the 
breakers of destruction. Jones, then unemployed, reached 
Brest, France, in May, 1778. In February, 1779, he was or- 
dered in command of a ship. The delay was due, of course, to 
the lack of funds to the account of the American Commissioner 
in France. 

France was at war with England, and Jones applied to the 
French Court, time and time again, but without success, until 
after he happened to examine one of Franklin's old "Alma- 
nacks," containing "Poor Richard's Maxims." He read therein 
this saying: "If you wish to have any business done faithfully 
and expeditiously, go and do it yourself." This is worth tell- 
ing, first, because Jones acted on this advice, and on going to 
Paris was so well received that he got a ship, the Ditras, and 
later a squadron under the terms of the celebrated concordat be- 
tween France and the United States. It is also worth telling 
because the maxim made such a deep impression on him that, 
in honor of Dr. Franklin, he changed the name of his ship to 
Bonhomme Richard. 

According to the concordat, an arrangement was finally made 
to give this celebrated officer employment that was as singular 
in its outlines, as it proved to be inconvenient in execution. 
The French Ministry supplied four vessels. Dr. Franklin, as 
Commissioner of the United States, who was supposed in a le- 
gal sense to direct the whole afifair, added the U. S. S. Alliance, 
in virtue of the authority he held from Conp-ress. All the ships 
but the Alliance were French built and were placed under the 
American flag by the following arrangement. The officers re- 



NAVY IN WAR OF' AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ^ 

ceived appointments, from Dr, Franklin, valid for a limited 
period only, while the vessels were to show the American en- 
sign and no other. The laws and provisions of the American 
Navy were to govern. By a special provision. Captain Jones 
was to command. The joint right of the American Commis- 
sioner and the French Government to instruct the Commodore, 
and to direct the movements of the squadron was also recog- 
nized. From what source the money was actually obtained by 
which this squadron was fitted out is not exactly known, nor is 
it now probable that it will ever be ascertained. Dr. Franklin 
expressly states that he made no advances for any of the ships 
employed. Although the name of the king was used it is not 
improbable that private venture was at the bottom of the enter- 
prise. 

On reaching L'Orient where the ship was lying, Jones found 
her a large wall-sided merchantman that had ended her useful- 
ness as a trader, and far behind in model and equipment the ves- 
sels of that day. Worst of all, she was so old that the life was 
out of all her timbers, and some of them were wholly rotten. 
Keeping heart, this energetic man set about fitting her for a 
warship, although most men would have hesitated about trust- 
ing themselves afloat ofif shore in her. 

His next effort was to obtain a battery; finding that he could 
not get for his main deck eighteen-pounders he was forced to 
content himself with twelve-pounders; on the forecastle and the 
quarter-deck he mounted eight nine-pounders; for the lower 
deck he obtained six eighteen-pounders — three on each side; 
these, with three empty ports on each side served the purpose 
of making the enemy think the ship more powerful than she 
was. 

Worst of all among the perils of this proposed cruise, was 
that found in the heterogeneous character of the crew, besides 
Americans it contained men from twelve other nationalities. 
With such a vessel and such a crew — short-handed at that — 
Captain Jones had to go to sea. Later he got some recruits of 
a better stamp. 

Jones made a master's mate, named Richard Dale, his first 
lieutenant. He was a "hustler," and to him, next to Jones, the 



8 NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

credit of the great fight was due. Meanwhile, arrangements 
had been making to give Jones a fleet. 

The vessels selected were the Pallas (a merchant ship), thirty- 
two guns; Vengeance (a brig), and the Cerf (a cutter), all 
Frenchmen. To these were added the U. S. frigate Alliance, 
thirty- two guns. She was so named on account of the re- 
cently formed alliance between France and the United States. 
As a further compliment to France, Lieutenant Landais, a 
French naval lieutenant, was placed in command of her. It 
will appear later that this was, to say the least, an unfortunate 
selection. The Alliance, under Landais, had carried Lafayette 
home to France after his service in America, and was narrowly 
saved from capture when a number of Englishmen in her crew 
mutinied. 

It was not until June 19, 1779, that Captain Jones was able 
to sail with his little fleet. His troubles now began; Captain 
Landais was, from the start, mutinous. He claimed superior- 
ity of rank, and this not being allowed he was determined to 
thwart his chief in every way possible. 

On the first night out he ran the Alliance foul of the Bon- 
homme Richard, doing so much injury that a return to port was 
necessary, and it was two months before the repairs were com- 
pleted. This apparent unfortunate mishap proved, in the end, 
a blessing, for, while lying in port, more than one hundred 
Americans who came over from England through an exchange 
of prisoners, shipped with Captain Jones. 

On August 14, 1779, the fleet sailed from L'Orient, aug- 
mented by the Monsieur and the Granville, two very good 
French privateers, which were soon a source of trouble. 

Four days out, after an interference by Jones as to their un- 
lawful doings, they left the fleet. Discontent then spread 
amongst the Frenchmen remaining. On August 24th, Cap- 
tain Landais, in a most insolent manner, informed Captain 
Jones that he was determined to follow his own opinion in any 
matter that concerned the service. On September 2d Landais 
refused, even when a written order was sent him, to attend a 
council of the captains. On September 8th he disappeared 
with his vessel. 



NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN RKVOLUTIOX. 9 

For several days the small squadron cruised; at one time 
Jones proposed to land at Leith for the purpose of levying trib- 
ute on it and on Edinburgh, but the argument with the cap- 
tains lasted so long that by the time they agreed, it was too late. 

On the morning of September 23, 1779, the day of all days 
in the career of John Paul Jones, the flagship and Vengeance 
fell in with the Pallas and Alliance (which had been missing). 
At noon a fleet that numbered forty-two ships was seen coming 
around Flamborough Head; if this was a war fleet the fate of 
the squadron was sealed. There was a light breeze at the 
time and the big fleet was well in-shore. Captain Jones, after 
a prolonged examination, concluded that he had merchantmen 
under convoy of two frigates, before him. Soon a signal was 
made from one of the frigates; immediately the merchantmen 
obeyed, scattering hither and yon, but the frigates, the Serapis, 
Captain Pearson, of fifty guns, and the Countess of Scarborough, 
Captain Piercy, twenty-two small guns, bravely bore down to 
meet the enemy, in spite of the fact that the Yankee fleet num- 
bered four to their two. Captain Jones, now had, with good 
luck, an opportunity to do most effective service, but once more 
the insubordination of Landais on the Alliance became mani- 
fest, and well-nigh fatal, he not only refused to obey the signal 
of the flagship to fall in line, but he sailed near the Pallas and 
said to her captain : "If it is a ship of more than fifty guns we 
have nothing to do but to run away." Fortunately, Captain 
Catteneau did not agree with him, and he gallantly sailed to 
meet the smaller British frigate. 

The Alliance, Captain Landais, was held aloof. The Ven- 
geance was too far away to take part in the battle. The wind 
was very light and the ships merely drifted over the smooth 
water. Daylight faded into darkness; each side was waiting 
for the other. Eventually, in the profound silence of a night 
at sea, the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis drew near each 
other; when separated by about ten yards a voice from the 
Serapis demanded: "What ship is that?" "I can't hear what 
you say," replied Jones. Then once more was heard: "What 
ship is that? Answer or I shall be of the necessity of firing 
into you." 



lO NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Captain Jones, instead of answering the hail, gave the order 
to fire; the American guns were answered, as it were, in the 
same breath by those of the British, and the night battle was 
begun. It was then exactly seven o'clock. At the first fire 
two of the eighteen-pounders in the lower deck battery of the 
Bonhomme Richard burst. The ships drifted side by side and the 
men worked with desperate energy. The ten eighteen-pound- 
ers of the lower deck batteries of the Serapis soon had shot the 
six ports of the Bonhomme Richard into one huge chasm, and 
practically cleared the lower deck; she had also received sev- 
eral shots below the water line and was ''leaking like a basket." 
The ships then fell foul of each other, and Captain Pearson was 
heard asking if the American ship had surrendered. Jones re- 
plied: "I have not yet begun to fight." This was at seven 
thirty; at ten minutes past eight the ships came together again 
and Jones with his own hands helped to pass the lashings; they 
drifted until nine o'clock when the Serapis anchored, the ships 
now lying with their star-board sides together. They were so 
close that the Serapis could not open the ports, so they fired 
through them, blowing the port lids off. On the Bonhomme 
Richard the men were no less determined ; they fought their re- 
maining guns with cheerful vigor. 

Every twelve-pounder but one, and three little nine-pounders 
on the forecastle were silenced. Jones with his own hands 
worked with these guns. In this desperate strait the surgeon 
came from below and begged the captain to surrender, as the 
water was coming in so fast that the wounded were floating 
about, and he feared the ship would sink. He replied : "What, 
Doctor! would you have me strike to a drop of water? Here, 
help me get this gun over." 

The enemy made an attempt to board. Jones, with a few 
men, pikes in hand, stopped them. Meantime matters had 
been going from bad to worse below decks on the Bonhomme 
Richard. Not only was she steadily filling with water, but the 
blazing wads from the enemy's guns had set her afire in several 
places. These fires spread rapidly in spite of the efforts of 
some men sent below. 

Then came the Alliance, Captain Landais, previously referred 
to. He fired a broadside into the bow of the Bonhomme Richard 



NAVY IxN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. II 

killing and wounding a dozen men. Private signals were set, 
and many voices called to him that he was firing into the wrong 
ship, but coming down on the broadside of the Bonhomme 
Richard, he fired again. Jones thought of yielding, but as the 
Alliance drew off, he continued to fight, not only against the 
enemy, but against the fire and water in his own ship. The fire 
was rapidly approaching the magazine, and the carpenter, find- 
ing the water five feet deep in the hold, said disconsolately that 
the ship would sink. At that the master-at-arms liberated the 
prisoners, over two hundred in number, and told them to save 
themselves. The struggle and confusion tliat followed was 
frightful; here were, indeed, many more English subjects run- 
ning free than all the crew of the Bonhomme Richard who were 
below decks. 

Then the gunner, in a panic of fear, strove to haul down the 
flag, shouting "Quarter! for God's sake, quarter! Our ship is 
sinking." Jones heard the words and hurling a pistol at the 
man, knocked him down the hatch. "Do you call for quarter?" 
shouted Captain Pearson. "Never!" replied Jones. "Then I'll 
give you none," said Pearson, and the fight went on. 

Jones sent Dale below to look after the supply of powder, not 
knowing that the prisoners were free. Dale did not quail, but 
told them that their only hope of life was in keeping the ship 
afloat ; they went to the pumps and to fighting the fire, working 
energetically. 

A bright young fellow in the top, took a bucket of hand 
grenades and a candle, climbed out on the mainyard until over 
the hatch of the Sera pis, and then began dropping the lighted 
grenades into the hold. The first one exploded a heap of cart- 
ridges which had accumulated on the lower deck; very many 
men were killed and wounded. This was the decisive moment 
of the battle. There were no men on the upper deck of the 
Serapis, and Captain Pearson, who had with undaunted cour- 
age directed the battle from the quarter deck, found himself 
practically alone, while Captain Jones was rallying his men suc- 
cessfully to increase the fire of his upper deck guns. 

As the British commander saw the fight, he was without men, 
and the other Yankee frigate had but a short time before fired 
a broadside from which some balls had struck the Serapis. He 



12 NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

knew nothing of the treachery of the Alliance. Going to the 
flag that had been nailed to the mast, he tore it down with his 
own hands. 

Lieutenant Dale, under orders from Jones, with a few men, 
jumped on board the Serapis to take charge. He saw a soli- 
tary person leaning on the tafrail in a melancholy posture; it 
was Captain Pearson. He said to Dale, "The ship has struck." 
While hurrying him on board the Bonhommc Richard, an officer 
came up from below and said to Captain Pearson that they had 
got three guns clear and could soon send the ship to the devil. 
He replied: "It is too late, sir; call the men off. The ship has 
struck." The officer replied, "I'll go below, sir, and call them 
off immediately." Dale, interfering, said, "No, sir; if you 
please, you'll come on board with me." Dale was of the opinion 
that if he got below he would disregard the surrender. It is 
not doubted that he might have done so. 

After the surrender, about half-past ten, the Bonhomme Rich- 
ard was found to be, in spite of all efforts, making much water; 
as well as being on fire in several places. The Serapis was also 
on fire. The fires were extinguished after much effort and 
great danger from the proximity of the magazines. 

On September 25, the second day after the battle, the 
Bonhomme Richard, having been abandoned, sunk. She went 
down with her shot-torn battle flag hoisted at the peak. 

On October 3, 1779, Jones arrived with his two prizes at 
the Texel, with a British squadron close behind him. 

This description will give you some idea of the fighting in 
"wooden walls." How it will be in "steel walls" is a problem 
that may be solved in the near future. 

The Countess of Scarborough was captured by the gallant 
Captain Catteneau, of the Pallas, after a two hours' fight. 

Having given so much time to John Paul Jones, and I think 
rightly so, it may be of interest to know that he was born in 
Scotland on July 7, 1747; that his proper name was John Paul. 
In 1773 he went to Virginia, and for an unknown reason he 
added the surname Jones. 

After the capture of the Serapis his career, although varied, 
was devoid of general interest. In 1781 he returned to the 
United States. Congress gave him a vote of thanks, a gold 



NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOI^UTION. I3 

medal, and by formal resolution, command of the America, 
74 guns, then on the stocks. He superintended her construc- 
tion until she was presented to Louis XVI in 1782, by whom he 
was made a Knight of the Order of Merit. 

He went to Paris as agent for prize money claims ; then went 
into the Russian service with the rank of Rear Admiral, receiv- 
ing from the Empress Catherine the ribbon of St. Anne. He 
quarreled with the admiral (Prince of Nassau), and soon retired 
from the service. He also received a pension from Denmark. 

He then settled in Paris, and died in 1792, in poverty and 
neglect, just before his appointment as Consular Agent to Al- 
giers reached there. 

Captain Landais, of the Alliance, should have been executed 
for his insubordination and treachery, but as a doubt existed as 
to his sanity, he was only dismissed. 

In this famous fight each ship had forty-nine men killed; the 
Serapis sixty-eight and the Bonhomme Richard sixty-seven 
wounded, out of crews numbering respectively three hundred 
and twenty and three hundred and four men. 

The last naval action of the War of the Revolution was 
fought by the Alliance, Captain Barry, on March 7, 1782. 
When not long out of Havana, three British frigates were en- 
countered. Barry, having a large sum of money on board, 
made an efifort to escape. However, a French ship of fifty guns 
hove in sight on the weather bow, and at that, Captain Barry 
waited for the leading English frigate, the Sybille, supposing, of 
course, that the Frenchman would join in. A severe fight fol- 
lowed, and at the end of fifty minutes the Englishman had 
out signals of distress. As the Frenchman held aloof, Captain 
Barry was compelled to let the enemy haul oflf under cover of 
his consorts. 

Among the eight hundred vessels that were captured from 
the enemy during the war there was much of the material that 
succored the life of the Nation. Not one American cruiser was 
captured by English privateers, while sixteen English cruisers 
were taken by American privateers. 

We must not be unmindful of the active and moral support 
received from La Belle France, not only in the shape of troops, 
but also from fleets. I have not time to recall the good services 



14 NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

of the troops, but all readers of history will remember the won- 
derful effect produced by the appearance off our coasts of the 
fleets commanded by the x'Vdmirals, Counts D'Estaing and De 
Ternay, with the culmination at Yorktown on October 19, 
178 1, in which the fleet of Count De Grasse took such a prom- 
inent part. 

At present considerable interest is taken in submarine vessels 
for warlike purposes. Quite favorable reports have been made 
upon the Holland (an American type), and the indications are 
that for the purpose designed it will be a mechanical success. 
In this connection I will recall that the year 1777, among other 
things, was noted for the building of the first American subma- 
rine torpedo boat. David Bushnell, of Saybrook, Connecticut, 
an ingenious mechanical engineer, devised a turtle-shaped cask 
(which was propelled and steered by an oar cleverly fitted), 
large enough to hold a man and carry a torpedo containing one 
hundred and fifty pounds of powder and the apparatus used in 
firing. The torpedo was carried on the after part of the vessel; 
a rope extended from it to a wood-screw, which was so arranged 
in a tube in the forward part of the boat that it could be worked 
into the planks of a vessel, and when firmly fixed, it could be 
cast off by unscrewing the rod which fastened it upon the top of 
the tube. 

When it was fixed and to be cast off from the tube, the maga- 
zine was to be cast off likewise, leaving it hanging to the screw. 
It was lighter than water, so that it might rise up against the 
object to which the screw and itself were attached. The maga- 
zine was provided with a clock, constructed to run any pro- 
posed time under twelve hours; when it had run out the time 
set it unpinioned a strong gun-lock which gave fire to the 
powder. The apparatus was so arranged that it could not pos- 
sibly move, until, by casting off the magazine from the vessel, it 
was set in motion. Experiments of this device on a small 
scale were so successful that there was every reason to believe 
that it was practicable. 

An attempt was made to use this weapon against a fifty-gun 
ship in New York harbor, but the operator in attempting to at- 
tach the screw struck what he supposed to be a bar of iron. 



NAVY IN WAR OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 15 

Not being very well skilled in the management of the vessel, in 
attempting to move to another place he lost the ship, and as 
daylight was approaching he dared not renew the attempt. Mr. 
Bushnell, unable to get pecuniary assistance, was obliged to 
give up this undertaking for awhile. 

In conclusion, I will say that I am a firm believer in the suc- 
cessful future of the submarine torpedo boat. It is compara- 
tively inexpensive, can be transported and handled on ship- 
board, ready for an emergency, and as an adjunct of harbor de- 
fense will be invaluable. 



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